23 October 2014
14 October 2014
Anne Frank.org Timeline
Anne Frank animated movie
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Anne Frank ( 1929- 1945)
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Anne Frank's world famous diary charts two years of her life from 1942 to 1944,
when her family were hiding in Amsterdam from German Nazis. The diary begins
just before the family retreated into their 'Secret Annexe.' Anne Frank
recorded mostly her hopes, frustrations, clashes with her parents, and
observation of her companions. Its first version, which appeared in 1947, was
edited by Anne's father, who removed certain family references and some of
her highly intimate confessions.
"I haven't written for a few days, because I wanted first of all
to think about my diary. It's an odd idea for someone like me to keep a
diary; not only because I have never done so before, but because it seems to
me that neither I – nor for that matter anyone else – will be interested
in the unbosomings of a thirteen-year-old schoolgirl. Still, what does that
matter? I want to write, but more than that, I want to bring out all kinds of
things that lie buried deep in my heart." (from The
Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank, 1952)
Anne Frank was born in
Frankfurt, Germany. The Frank's family business included banking,
management of the springs at Bad Soden and the manufacture of cough drops.
Anne's mother, the former Edith Holländer, was the daughter of a
manufacturer. She had married Otto Frank in 1925. Their first daughter,
Margot Betti, born in 1926, was followed by Anneliese Marie, called Anne, in
1929. After the Nazis won in national elections in 1932, Adolf Hitler was
appointed next year chancellor of Germany. Otto Frank had earlier toyed with
the idea of emigrating, and in 1933 the family fled from Frankfurt to the
Netherlands, where Otto Frank continued his career as a businessman.
His spice-trading company sold goods to the Wehrmach, too. In 1938 Anne
Frank's two uncles escaped to the United States.
Following the Nazi
occupation of The Netherlands, anti-Jewish decrees brought into force in
rapid succession. Anne's sister received a notice to report to the Nazis. The
family went hiding with four other friends in a sealed-off office flat
in Amsterdam. In 1944 Gestapo was informed of the flat – from 10 000 Jews,
who went into hiding, some 5 000 were betrayed. SS Officer Karl Joseph
Silberbauer – found in the 1960s by Simon Wiesenthal – arrested the Frank and
the Van Pels families.
The Franks were
transported to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where Anne's mother died of
starvation. Anne and her sister were transferred from the Dutch concentration
camp, Westerbork, to Bergen-Belsen where they both died of typhus.
"Whoever is happy will make others happy too. He who has courage
and faith will never perish in misery!" (from The
Diary of a Young Girl, 1952)
Otto Frank's secretary
Miep Gies, who had searched the hiding place after the family was arrested
and found the diary, gave it to Frank in October 1945. After reading
Anne's writings Frank realized to his shock that he had never really known
his daughter. This was the turning point in his life. For the rest of
his life Frank devoted himself to the diary and his daughter's
legacy. In 1947, at his own expense, Frank published the
work as Het Achterhuis in an edition of 1500 copies.
The first translation into English from 1952 came out under the title The
Diary of a Young Girl. This book was adapted into a motion picture in
1959, directed by George Stevens. Since its publication, the diary has been
translated into some 60 languages. When Das Tagebuch der Anne
Frank was originally published in 1950 by Lambert Schneider Verlag
in Germany, some booksellers were reluctant at first to show the book in
their shop windows, fearing that it might provoke a hostile
reaction. The diary became a part of the reading of school children and Anne
Frank clubs and discussion groups formed among German youths in various
cities in the 1950s.
The Diary. Anne Frank received a
diary in 1942 for her 13th birthday, and wrote in an early entry: "I
hope that you will be a great support and comfort to me." When she began
to fill up its pages, she was still attending the Jewish Secondary School. On
her birthday, 14, June, she opens presents: "The first to greet me was
you, possibly the nicest of all," she says of her new friend.
After moving in the hiding place in a spice warehouse, Frank depictes the
nightmare reality of eight persons crowded into tiny living quarters, in fear
of being discovered, but also her dreams, hopes and feelings of a young girl
on the verge of womanhood. "I still believe, in spite of everything,
that people are still truly good at heart..." But there were moments of
doubt, impatience, rage: "I simply can't built up my hopes on a
foundation consisting of confusion, misery and death." The poignancy of
the diary is increased by her use of epistolary form. The letters are
addressed, in the absence of her friends, to the imaginary 'Kitty.' Along
with Primo Levi's If This Is A Man (1947), Anne Frank's The
Diary of a Young Girl is considered one of the major works of Holocaust
literature.
Anne started to
write at school, and planned to become a writer. When she heard from radio
broadcast from London about the importance of war diaries and letters, and
possible publication, she changed the style of her entries. On May 20, 1944
she decided to revise her earlier texts, and in two and half months she
produced 324 handwritten pages, which she entitled Het Achterhuis.
The family was betrayed
before Anne finished her work. The final entry is 1 August 1944; on 4
August they were arrested. After the war Otto Frank combined her daughter's
writings, earlier and later, into version C, which became known as the Diary
of Anne Frank. First it did not sell well, but when the diary gained a
wide fame in the United States, where it was dramatized and filmed.
The lively and moving book sold most copies in the world in the 1960s and
1970s. Also Anne Frank Huis – the hiding-place – was opened in Amsterdam on
the Prinsengracht 263. The house was given by its owner to the Anne Frank
foundation.
The authenticity of the
diary was examined in the 1980s, when neo-Nazis claimed that it was forged.
All the versions of Anne Frank's texts were published in 1986. However,
before the publication of the first edition Otto Frank had put aside five
diary pages, giving them later to his close friend, Cor Suijk. In these pages
Anne depicted her parents marriage, defended her mother, and hoped that
nobody would see her writings. In 1995 selections of diary suppressed by Otto
Frank were made public.
Battle over the American
stage adaptation of Anne Frank's diary. In The
Stolen Legacy of Anne Frank (1997) Ralph Melnick documented how Anne
Frank's diary was staged in New York.
Originally the correspondent Mayer Levin adapted it into a play,
but then a "less Jewish" version, written by Frances Goodrich
and Albert Hackett, was produced by Lillian Hellman. She helped with the
last of eight drafts. Anne's thought, "Perhaps through Jewish suffering
the world will learn good" were revised in the play to "Jews were
not the only ones who suffered from the Nazis." Garson Kanin, the
director, was responsible for the change. Anne's final words on
the stage are, "In spite of everything, I still believe that people
are really good at heart." The production was a major success and earned
a Pulitzer. Levin spent the rest of his life, three decades, fighting for the
right to produce his version. Otto Frank never saw the play – he did not want
to.
Who betrayed the Frank
family? According a police record, the person who tipped the
family off received 7½ guilders per Jew, a total of 60 guilders. (Anne Frank Remembered: The Story of the Woman Who Helped to Hide the
Frank Family by Miep Gies and Alison
Leslie Gold, 1987, p. 250)
In the late 1940s Otto
Frank's warehouse man Willem Van Maaren was put under investigation. Due to
the lack of evidence the process was stopped, but opened again in the 1960s.
No evidence was found. In the 1980s a new name came up: Lena Van Bladeren,
who worked in the office as a cleaning woman. Carol Ann Lee has claimed that
Otto Frank's business friend, Tonny Ahlers, who helped him to continued his spice
trade from the hiding place, betrayed the family. Tonny Ahlers was a member of
the Nazi party.
|
Anne Frank.org Timeline
Anne Frank animated movie
|
Anne Frank ( 1929- 1945)
|
|
Anne Frank's world famous diary charts two years of her life from 1942 to 1944,
when her family were hiding in Amsterdam from German Nazis. The diary begins
just before the family retreated into their 'Secret Annexe.' Anne Frank
recorded mostly her hopes, frustrations, clashes with her parents, and
observation of her companions. Its first version, which appeared in 1947, was
edited by Anne's father, who removed certain family references and some of
her highly intimate confessions.
"I haven't written for a few days, because I wanted first of all
to think about my diary. It's an odd idea for someone like me to keep a
diary; not only because I have never done so before, but because it seems to
me that neither I – nor for that matter anyone else – will be interested
in the unbosomings of a thirteen-year-old schoolgirl. Still, what does that
matter? I want to write, but more than that, I want to bring out all kinds of
things that lie buried deep in my heart." (from The
Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank, 1952)
Anne Frank was born in
Frankfurt, Germany. The Frank's family business included banking,
management of the springs at Bad Soden and the manufacture of cough drops.
Anne's mother, the former Edith Holländer, was the daughter of a
manufacturer. She had married Otto Frank in 1925. Their first daughter,
Margot Betti, born in 1926, was followed by Anneliese Marie, called Anne, in
1929. After the Nazis won in national elections in 1932, Adolf Hitler was
appointed next year chancellor of Germany. Otto Frank had earlier toyed with
the idea of emigrating, and in 1933 the family fled from Frankfurt to the
Netherlands, where Otto Frank continued his career as a businessman.
His spice-trading company sold goods to the Wehrmach, too. In 1938 Anne
Frank's two uncles escaped to the United States.
Following the Nazi
occupation of The Netherlands, anti-Jewish decrees brought into force in
rapid succession. Anne's sister received a notice to report to the Nazis. The
family went hiding with four other friends in a sealed-off office flat
in Amsterdam. In 1944 Gestapo was informed of the flat – from 10 000 Jews,
who went into hiding, some 5 000 were betrayed. SS Officer Karl Joseph
Silberbauer – found in the 1960s by Simon Wiesenthal – arrested the Frank and
the Van Pels families.
The Franks were
transported to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where Anne's mother died of
starvation. Anne and her sister were transferred from the Dutch concentration
camp, Westerbork, to Bergen-Belsen where they both died of typhus.
"Whoever is happy will make others happy too. He who has courage
and faith will never perish in misery!" (from The
Diary of a Young Girl, 1952)
Otto Frank's secretary
Miep Gies, who had searched the hiding place after the family was arrested
and found the diary, gave it to Frank in October 1945. After reading
Anne's writings Frank realized to his shock that he had never really known
his daughter. This was the turning point in his life. For the rest of
his life Frank devoted himself to the diary and his daughter's
legacy. In 1947, at his own expense, Frank published the
work as Het Achterhuis in an edition of 1500 copies.
The first translation into English from 1952 came out under the title The
Diary of a Young Girl. This book was adapted into a motion picture in
1959, directed by George Stevens. Since its publication, the diary has been
translated into some 60 languages. When Das Tagebuch der Anne
Frank was originally published in 1950 by Lambert Schneider Verlag
in Germany, some booksellers were reluctant at first to show the book in
their shop windows, fearing that it might provoke a hostile
reaction. The diary became a part of the reading of school children and Anne
Frank clubs and discussion groups formed among German youths in various
cities in the 1950s.
The Diary. Anne Frank received a
diary in 1942 for her 13th birthday, and wrote in an early entry: "I
hope that you will be a great support and comfort to me." When she began
to fill up its pages, she was still attending the Jewish Secondary School. On
her birthday, 14, June, she opens presents: "The first to greet me was
you, possibly the nicest of all," she says of her new friend.
After moving in the hiding place in a spice warehouse, Frank depictes the
nightmare reality of eight persons crowded into tiny living quarters, in fear
of being discovered, but also her dreams, hopes and feelings of a young girl
on the verge of womanhood. "I still believe, in spite of everything,
that people are still truly good at heart..." But there were moments of
doubt, impatience, rage: "I simply can't built up my hopes on a
foundation consisting of confusion, misery and death." The poignancy of
the diary is increased by her use of epistolary form. The letters are
addressed, in the absence of her friends, to the imaginary 'Kitty.' Along
with Primo Levi's If This Is A Man (1947), Anne Frank's The
Diary of a Young Girl is considered one of the major works of Holocaust
literature.
Anne started to
write at school, and planned to become a writer. When she heard from radio
broadcast from London about the importance of war diaries and letters, and
possible publication, she changed the style of her entries. On May 20, 1944
she decided to revise her earlier texts, and in two and half months she
produced 324 handwritten pages, which she entitled Het Achterhuis.
The family was betrayed
before Anne finished her work. The final entry is 1 August 1944; on 4
August they were arrested. After the war Otto Frank combined her daughter's
writings, earlier and later, into version C, which became known as the Diary
of Anne Frank. First it did not sell well, but when the diary gained a
wide fame in the United States, where it was dramatized and filmed.
The lively and moving book sold most copies in the world in the 1960s and
1970s. Also Anne Frank Huis – the hiding-place – was opened in Amsterdam on
the Prinsengracht 263. The house was given by its owner to the Anne Frank
foundation.
The authenticity of the
diary was examined in the 1980s, when neo-Nazis claimed that it was forged.
All the versions of Anne Frank's texts were published in 1986. However,
before the publication of the first edition Otto Frank had put aside five
diary pages, giving them later to his close friend, Cor Suijk. In these pages
Anne depicted her parents marriage, defended her mother, and hoped that
nobody would see her writings. In 1995 selections of diary suppressed by Otto
Frank were made public.
Battle over the American
stage adaptation of Anne Frank's diary. In The
Stolen Legacy of Anne Frank (1997) Ralph Melnick documented how Anne
Frank's diary was staged in New York.
Originally the correspondent Mayer Levin adapted it into a play,
but then a "less Jewish" version, written by Frances Goodrich
and Albert Hackett, was produced by Lillian Hellman. She helped with the
last of eight drafts. Anne's thought, "Perhaps through Jewish suffering
the world will learn good" were revised in the play to "Jews were
not the only ones who suffered from the Nazis." Garson Kanin, the
director, was responsible for the change. Anne's final words on
the stage are, "In spite of everything, I still believe that people
are really good at heart." The production was a major success and earned
a Pulitzer. Levin spent the rest of his life, three decades, fighting for the
right to produce his version. Otto Frank never saw the play – he did not want
to.
Who betrayed the Frank
family? According a police record, the person who tipped the
family off received 7½ guilders per Jew, a total of 60 guilders. (Anne Frank Remembered: The Story of the Woman Who Helped to Hide the
Frank Family by Miep Gies and Alison
Leslie Gold, 1987, p. 250)
In the late 1940s Otto
Frank's warehouse man Willem Van Maaren was put under investigation. Due to
the lack of evidence the process was stopped, but opened again in the 1960s.
No evidence was found. In the 1980s a new name came up: Lena Van Bladeren,
who worked in the office as a cleaning woman. Carol Ann Lee has claimed that
Otto Frank's business friend, Tonny Ahlers, who helped him to continued his spice
trade from the hiding place, betrayed the family. Tonny Ahlers was a member of
the Nazi party.
|
06 October 2014
30 September 2014
World War II - The Atomic Bomb
(Taken from: http://www.ducksters.com/history/world_war_ii/ww2_atomic_bomb.php)
At the start of World War II in 1939 the atomic bomb had not yet been invented.
However, scientists discovered about that time that a powerful explosion might be
possible by splitting an atom. This type of bomb could destroy large cities in a single
blast and would change warfare forever.
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein came up with many of the theories that helped scientists in making the
atomic bomb. When he realized that such a bomb could be made, he was frightened
about what might happen if Hitler and Germany learned how to make the bomb first.
He wrote a letter to US President Franklin Roosevelt telling him about the atom bomb.
As a result, Roosevelt set up the Manhattan Project.
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was the name for the research and development program for
the atomic bomb. It started small, but as the bomb became more real, the United
States added scientists and funding to be sure they were the first to have the bomb.
Ironically, many of the scientists involved in making the bomb had defected from
Germany. By the end of the project, funding had reached $2 billion and there were
around 200,000 people working on the project.
The First Atomic Bomb
On July 16, 1945 the first atomic bomb was exploded in the New Mexico desert. The
explosion was massive and the equivalent to 18,000 tons of TNT. Scientists figured
that the temperature at the center of the explosion was three times hotter than at the
center of the sun.
Although the scientists were happy they had successfully made the bomb, they also
were sad and fearful. This bomb would change the world and could cause mass
destruction and death. When President Harry Truman heard of the bomb's success he
wrote "We have discovered the most terrible bomb in the history of the world".
Deciding to Drop the Bomb
By the time the first atomic bomb had been made, Germany had already surrendered
and World War II in Europe was over. Japan was defeated as well, but would not
surrender. The US was contemplating an invasion of Japan. Army leaders figured that
anywhere from 500,000 to 1 million US and Allied soldiers would die in an invasion.
President Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb instead.
Hiroshima
On August 6, 1945 an atomic bomb named Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima,
Japan. The explosion was huge, the city was destroyed, and tens of thousands of
people were killed. The bomb was dropped by a plane named the Enola Gay which was
piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbetts. The bomb itself was over 10 feet long and weighed
around 10,000 pounds. A small parachute was on the bomb in order to slow its drop
and allow the plane time to fly away from the blast zone.
Nagasaki
Despite witnessing the terrible destruction of the bomb on Hiroshima, Emperor
Hirohito and Japan still refused to surrender. Three days later, on August 9, 1945,
another atomic bomb, nicknamed Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. Again
the devastation was horrible.
Surrender
Six days after the bombing of Nagasaki, Emperor Hirohito and Japan surrendered to
US forces. The Emperor announced this on the radio. It was the first time most
Japanese had heard his voice.
Interesting Facts
• The lead scientist on the Manhattan Project was J. Robert Oppenheimer. He is
often called the "father of the atomic bomb".
• The first bomb dropped on Hiroshima was made from uranium. The bomb
dropped on Nagasaki was made from plutonium, which was even more powerful
than uranium.
• It is thought that at least 135,000 people died from the Hiroshima explosion and
another 70,000 in Nagasaki. Many of these people were civilians including
women and children.
• Hiroshima was chosen because it was a large port city with an army base. It also
had not been damaged much by earlier bombings. This would show just how
powerful the new weapon was.
World War II - The Atomic Bomb
(Taken from: http://www.ducksters.com/history/world_war_ii/ww2_atomic_bomb.php)
At the start of World War II in 1939 the atomic bomb had not yet been invented.
However, scientists discovered about that time that a powerful explosion might be
possible by splitting an atom. This type of bomb could destroy large cities in a single
blast and would change warfare forever.
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein came up with many of the theories that helped scientists in making the
atomic bomb. When he realized that such a bomb could be made, he was frightened
about what might happen if Hitler and Germany learned how to make the bomb first.
He wrote a letter to US President Franklin Roosevelt telling him about the atom bomb.
As a result, Roosevelt set up the Manhattan Project.
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was the name for the research and development program for
the atomic bomb. It started small, but as the bomb became more real, the United
States added scientists and funding to be sure they were the first to have the bomb.
Ironically, many of the scientists involved in making the bomb had defected from
Germany. By the end of the project, funding had reached $2 billion and there were
around 200,000 people working on the project.
The First Atomic Bomb
On July 16, 1945 the first atomic bomb was exploded in the New Mexico desert. The
explosion was massive and the equivalent to 18,000 tons of TNT. Scientists figured
that the temperature at the center of the explosion was three times hotter than at the
center of the sun.
Although the scientists were happy they had successfully made the bomb, they also
were sad and fearful. This bomb would change the world and could cause mass
destruction and death. When President Harry Truman heard of the bomb's success he
wrote "We have discovered the most terrible bomb in the history of the world".
Deciding to Drop the Bomb
By the time the first atomic bomb had been made, Germany had already surrendered
and World War II in Europe was over. Japan was defeated as well, but would not
surrender. The US was contemplating an invasion of Japan. Army leaders figured that
anywhere from 500,000 to 1 million US and Allied soldiers would die in an invasion.
President Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb instead.
Hiroshima
On August 6, 1945 an atomic bomb named Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima,
Japan. The explosion was huge, the city was destroyed, and tens of thousands of
people were killed. The bomb was dropped by a plane named the Enola Gay which was
piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbetts. The bomb itself was over 10 feet long and weighed
around 10,000 pounds. A small parachute was on the bomb in order to slow its drop
and allow the plane time to fly away from the blast zone.
Nagasaki
Despite witnessing the terrible destruction of the bomb on Hiroshima, Emperor
Hirohito and Japan still refused to surrender. Three days later, on August 9, 1945,
another atomic bomb, nicknamed Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. Again
the devastation was horrible.
Surrender
Six days after the bombing of Nagasaki, Emperor Hirohito and Japan surrendered to
US forces. The Emperor announced this on the radio. It was the first time most
Japanese had heard his voice.
Interesting Facts
• The lead scientist on the Manhattan Project was J. Robert Oppenheimer. He is
often called the "father of the atomic bomb".
• The first bomb dropped on Hiroshima was made from uranium. The bomb
dropped on Nagasaki was made from plutonium, which was even more powerful
than uranium.
• It is thought that at least 135,000 people died from the Hiroshima explosion and
another 70,000 in Nagasaki. Many of these people were civilians including
women and children.
• Hiroshima was chosen because it was a large port city with an army base. It also
had not been damaged much by earlier bombings. This would show just how
powerful the new weapon was.
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