World War II - The Atomic Bomb
(Taken from: http://www.ducksters.com/history/world_war_ii/ww2_atomic_bomb.php)
At the start of World War II in 1939 the atomic bomb had not yet been invented.
However, scientists discovered about that time that a powerful explosion might be
possible by splitting an atom. This type of bomb could destroy large cities in a single
blast and would change warfare forever.
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein came up with many of the theories that helped scientists in making the
atomic bomb. When he realized that such a bomb could be made, he was frightened
about what might happen if Hitler and Germany learned how to make the bomb first.
He wrote a letter to US President Franklin Roosevelt telling him about the atom bomb.
As a result, Roosevelt set up the Manhattan Project.
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was the name for the research and development program for
the atomic bomb. It started small, but as the bomb became more real, the United
States added scientists and funding to be sure they were the first to have the bomb.
Ironically, many of the scientists involved in making the bomb had defected from
Germany. By the end of the project, funding had reached $2 billion and there were
around 200,000 people working on the project.
The First Atomic Bomb
On July 16, 1945 the first atomic bomb was exploded in the New Mexico desert. The
explosion was massive and the equivalent to 18,000 tons of TNT. Scientists figured
that the temperature at the center of the explosion was three times hotter than at the
center of the sun.
Although the scientists were happy they had successfully made the bomb, they also
were sad and fearful. This bomb would change the world and could cause mass
destruction and death. When President Harry Truman heard of the bomb's success he
wrote "We have discovered the most terrible bomb in the history of the world".
Deciding to Drop the Bomb
By the time the first atomic bomb had been made, Germany had already surrendered
and World War II in Europe was over. Japan was defeated as well, but would not
surrender. The US was contemplating an invasion of Japan. Army leaders figured that
anywhere from 500,000 to 1 million US and Allied soldiers would die in an invasion.
President Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb instead.
Hiroshima
On August 6, 1945 an atomic bomb named Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima,
Japan. The explosion was huge, the city was destroyed, and tens of thousands of
people were killed. The bomb was dropped by a plane named the Enola Gay which was
piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbetts. The bomb itself was over 10 feet long and weighed
around 10,000 pounds. A small parachute was on the bomb in order to slow its drop
and allow the plane time to fly away from the blast zone.
Nagasaki
Despite witnessing the terrible destruction of the bomb on Hiroshima, Emperor
Hirohito and Japan still refused to surrender. Three days later, on August 9, 1945,
another atomic bomb, nicknamed Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. Again
the devastation was horrible.
Surrender
Six days after the bombing of Nagasaki, Emperor Hirohito and Japan surrendered to
US forces. The Emperor announced this on the radio. It was the first time most
Japanese had heard his voice.
Interesting Facts
• The lead scientist on the Manhattan Project was J. Robert Oppenheimer. He is
often called the "father of the atomic bomb".
• The first bomb dropped on Hiroshima was made from uranium. The bomb
dropped on Nagasaki was made from plutonium, which was even more powerful
than uranium.
• It is thought that at least 135,000 people died from the Hiroshima explosion and
another 70,000 in Nagasaki. Many of these people were civilians including
women and children.
• Hiroshima was chosen because it was a large port city with an army base. It also
had not been damaged much by earlier bombings. This would show just how
powerful the new weapon was.
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